Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) materials fabricated with titanium nodes have emerged as promising photocatalysts for a diverse range of applications. These materials display exceptional structural properties, including high porosity, tunable band gaps, and good robustness. The special combination of these characteristics makes titanium-based MOFs

Nanoparticles have emerged as promising materials in various fields, including biomedical applications. Conversely, the potential toxicity of these nanoparticles remains a crucial concern. Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), a unique type of nanoparticle capable of converting near-infrared light to visible light, have gained considerable attention